This blog may help people explore some of the 'hidden' issues involved in certain media treatments of environmental and scientific issues. Using personal digital images, it's also intended to emphasise seasonal (and other) changes in natural history of the Swansea (South Wales) area. The material should help participants in field-based modules and people generally interested in the natural world. The views are wholly those of the author.
Sunday 9 April 2023
Life Spans and Cancers?
In multicellular organisms, all cells have to divide inorder for the organism to grow and repair worn out tissue. Cancer is a disease condition, produced when cells undergoing such division, fail to accurately replicate their DNA. A tumour can result, when that mutation carries on dividing, undestroyed by the body's inbuilt cancer defense mechanisms. Some species appear to get many more cancers than others. Carnivores (like cats, dogs, foxes and leopards) and rodents (like gerbils, mice and rats) often die of cancers. Others, like bats, antelopes and sheep are much less likely to get tumours. One might predict really big, long-lived animals, like whales and elephant, would get many cancers. They have enormous numbers of repeatedly-dividing cells. Peto's paradox notes that in total contradiction, cancer is almost unknown in these beasts. Scientists have recently studied intestinal crypt cells taken from dead zoo species. Crypt cells are constantly replaced by stem cells, meaning that mutations can be counted in both (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/08/medicine-greatest-mysteries-why-dont-whales-get-cancer). The scientists found that, at the end of their lifespans, all animals had accumulated circa 3,200 mutations. Long-lived animals, like whales and elephants, however, had, inspite of their large numbers of cells, very low mutation rates. Perhaps aging is the accumulation of mutations? Perhaps big, long-lived beasts have especially efficient mutation recognition/elimination systems?
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