Proteomic Ancestry?

Study of ancient DNA in fossils has helped increase knowledge of human evolution. DNA is, however, a relatively fragile molecule. It quickly decays, especially in warm environments. Much of human evolution has taken place in relatively hot locations. Ancient human DNA has consequently only been extractable in relatively few fossils such as teeth found in Siberian caves. The proteins, whose sequences are 'programmed' by the DNA's genes, are, however, much tougher and more likely to persist. Proteomics (the study of protein amino acid sequences) may consequently reveal more about human evolution. This approach is a bit like studying DNA in reverse. We know the trios of bases (codons) that code for individual amino acids. Gene sequences can consequently be reconstructed (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/mar/05/new-analysis-of-ancient-human-protein-could-unlock-secrets-of-evolution). Scientists now have a hand-held scanner, that can be passed over fragments of fossil bones and teeth. This device will reveal which fragments have relatively high concentrations of surviving protein. Scientists can then concentrate on analysing protein sequences in the most promising specimens. It's hoped that proteomics could help identify the common ancestor of Modern man (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis). Perhaps it can also reveal something of the appearance of the Denisovians? Denisovians are only known from their distinctive DNA in a few cave fossils. Proteomics might help establish whether the tiny hominid fossils on the Indonesian island of Flores (Homo floriensis), are a distinct species or simply a consequence of environmental pressures.