No Nocebo?

A placebo effect is a positive medical consequence of administering a control or blank substance. A nocebo is a negative version of a placebo effect. It's essentially experiencing 'side-effects' in response to control injections. Both placebo and nocebo effects are 'in the mind' but they can be very real to the individual. Scientists at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, appear to have established that nocebo effects are very common in Covid19 vaccinations (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/18/nocebo-effect-two-thirds-of-covid-jab-reactions-not-caused-by-vaccine-study-suggests). Common side effects of Covid19 vaccine jabs include headaches, short-term fatigue and arm pain. The scientists examined data from 12 clinical trials with Covid19 vaccines. After first injections, nocebo effects accounted for more than 75% of 'side-effects'. Nocebo effects were also evident in more than 50% of subjects, after a second injection. The scientists suggest that educating people about nocebo effects, might reduce vaccine hesitancy.