Getting to Grips With Our 'Rogue' Bits of DNA?

Extra chromosomal DNA (ecDNA) are small sections of these nucleotides, acting outside the normal genetic rules. Recent evidence, suggests ecDNA fragments help cancers to spread. These small sequences may even allow tumours to become resistant to anti-cancer drug treatments (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/feb/18/bond-villain-dna-could-transform-cancer-treatment-scientists-say). As ecDNAs sometimes act as cancer-causing genes, understanding them is likely to have great relevance to our accumulating knowledge concerning how tumours develop and spread within the body. It seems that we are finally closing in on effective treatments for human cancers.